SMOKING
LSS 2533 Research Methods
CLO 5 – Research Proposal
Khalid
Akaabi
H00247641
CJM
Overview:
This paper reviews three articles on Smoking
Section 1: Library research Description
Section 2: Article abstracts and references
Section 3: Research descriptions
Section 4: Article evaluation
Article 1
Section 1:
Article source:
Library search pages of HCT > Discover > Electronic Resources
Search terms: Smoking
Section 2:
Title of the article:
Design, Baseline Results of Irbid Longitudinal, School-based Smoking Study.
Abstract
Objective: To compare
patterns of water pipe and cigarette smoking in an eastern Mediterranean
country. Methods: In 2008, 1781 out of 1877 seventh graders enrolled in 19
randomly selected schools in Irbid, Jordan, were surveyed. Results:
Experimentation with and current water pipe smoking were more prevalent than
cigarette smoking (26.8%; 20.2% vs boys: 38.7% vs 9.0%, girls: 9.5%; and 7.5% vs
21.2% vs 2.3%, P<0.05 for all). Parent- and peer-smoking correlated more
strongly with water pipe than with cigarette smoking. Conclusion: Water-pipe
smoking is more prevalent than cigarette smoking at this early age.
References
Mzayek, Fawaz;
Khader, Yousef; Eissenberg, Thomas; Ward, Kenneth D.; Maziak, Wasim. (2012),
Design, Baseline Results of Irbid Longitudinal, School-based Smoking Study,
American Journal of Health Behavior (AM J HEALTH BEHAV), Nov/Dec2011; 35(6):
746-755. (10p)
Section 3:
Title: Design,
Baseline Results of Irbid Longitudinal, School-based Smoking Study.
Population
1781 out of 1877
seventh graders enrolled in 19 randomly selected schools in Irbid in 2008
Research Design
The article takes a
quantitative approach and it describing smoking rates (boy and girl) in Jordan
Participant selection
There were no
selection criteria. The survey was based on 19 randomly selected schools in
Irbid, Jordan.
Main findings
Water pipe smoking is
more prevalent than cigarette smoking at this early age, based on
Experimentation with and current water pipe smoking were more prevalent than
cigarette smoking (boys: 38.7% vs 26.8%; 20.2% vs 9.0%, girls: 21.2% vs 9.5%;
and 7.5% vs 2.3%, P<0.05 for all). Parent- and peer-smoking correlated more
strongly with water pipe than with cigarette smoking.
Section 4:
Ranking
– Low
________________________________________________________________________
Article 2
Section 1:
Article source:
Library search pages of HCT > Discover > Electronic Resources
Search terms: Smoking
Section 2:
Title: Trajectories
of smoking among freshmen college students with prior smoking history and risk
for future smoking: data from the University Project Tobacco Etiology Research
Network (UpTERN) study.
Abstract
AIMS: Little is known
about smoking during the transition to college. The current study examined
trajectories of smoking among college freshmen, how trajectories predicted
later smoking and the social context of smoking. DESIGN: Weekly assessments of
daily smoking were collected via the web during the first year of college for a
large cohort with a previous history of smoking. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: A
total of 193 college freshmen from a large public university with a previous
history of smoking who smoked frequently enough to be included in trajectory
analysis. MEASUREMENTS: Measures included weekly reports of daily smoking,
family smoking, perceived peer attitudes and smoking, social norms and social
smoking environment. FINDINGS: Seven trajectories were identified: one of
low-level sporadic smoking, one of low-level smoking with a small increase
during the year, two classes with a substantial decrease during the year, two
classes with relatively small decreases and one class with a substantial
increase in smoking. Trajectories of smoking in the freshman year predicted
levels of sophomore year smoking, and some social context variables tended to
change as smoking increased or decreased for a given trajectory class.
CONCLUSIONS: The transition into college is marked by changes in smoking, with
smoking escalating for some students and continuing into the sophomore year.
Shifts in social context that support smoking were associated with trajectories
of smoking. Despite the focus of developmental models on smoking in early
adolescence, the transition into college warrants further investigation as a
dynamic period for smoking.
References
Tobacco Etiology
Research Network (TERN). (2008). Trajectories of smoking among freshmen college
students with prior smoking history and risk for future smoking: data from the
University Project Tobacco Etiology Research Network (UpTERN) study. Addiction
(ADDICTION), Sep2008; 103(9): 1534-1543. (10p)
Section 3:
Title of the paper:
Trajectories of smoking among freshmen college students with prior smoking
history and risk for future smoking: data from the University Project Tobacco
Etiology Research Network (UpTERN) study.
Population
A total of 193
college freshmen from a large public university with a previous history of
smoking who smoked frequently enough to be included in trajectory analysis.
Research design
This study employs
qualitative research design to do weekly assessments of daily smoking were
collected via the web during the first year of college for a large cohort with
a previous history of smoking. Measures included weekly reports of daily
smoking, family smoking, perceived peer attitudes and smoking, social norms and
social smoking environment.
Participant selection
University students
with a previous history of smoking who smoked frequently enough to be included
in trajectory analysis.
Main outcomes
Seven trajectories
were identified: one of low-level sporadic smoking, one of low-level smoking
with a small growth during the year, two classes with a substantial decrease
during the year, two classes with relatively small decreases and one class with
a substantial increase in smoking. Trajectories of smoking in the freshman year
predicted levels of sophomore year smoking, and some social context variables
tended to change as smoking increased or decreased for a given trajectory class
Section 4:
Ranking – Mid
__________________________________________________________________
Article 3
Section 1:
Article source:
Library search pages of HCT > Discover > Electronic Resources
Search terms: Smoking
Section 2:
Title: Smoking of parents
and Best Friend Independent and Combined Effects on Adolescent Smoking and
Intention to Initiate and Quit Smoking.
Abstract
Introduction: This
study examines the independent and combined effects of smoking of parents and
best friend on smoking and the intention to initiate or quit smoking in
adolescents. Methods: In this school-based survey, 6,553 Hong Kong students
aged 13–18 reported their demographic characteristics, smoking status of
themselves, parents, and best friend; and intention to smoke (initiation among
never-smokers and reinitiating among ex-smokers) or quit smoking among current
smokers. Logistic regression yielded adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of student
smoking (current/ever) and intention to smoke or quit smoking for parental
(paternal/maternal/both parents vs. none) and best friend (yes vs. no) smoking.
Results: Parental smoking and having a smoking best friend were associated with
adolescent current smoking, ever smoking, and intention to initiate smoking.
Having a smoking best friend was also associated with reinitiating and quitting
smoking. The AORs (95% CI) of current smoking for having a smoking best friend,
in addition to smoking father, mother, or both were 19.14 (14.36–25.51), 20.38
(12.42–33.43), and 24.18 (15.89–36.77). The respective AORs of ever smoking
were 8.30 (6.74–10.22), 8.92 (5.63–14.12), and 11.99 (8.05–17.87). Conclusions:
Parental smoking and best friend smoking have independent effects on adolescent
smoking behaviors. Their combined effects on current and ever smoking were
particularly large. Smoking prevention programs should pay special attention to
adolescents with both best friend and parents who smoke.
References
Mak, Kwok-Kei1 &
Ho, Sai-Yin1 & Day, Jeffrey R. Smoking of Parents and Best Friend
Independent and Combined Effects on Adolescent Smoking and Intention to
Initiate and Quit Smoking., Nicotine & Tobacco Research. Sep2012, Vol. 14
Issue 9, p1057-1064. 8p.
Section 3:
Population
The population used
in the research was 6,555 students aged 13 – 18 in schools in the city of Hong
Kong, China. The research was
categorized by different demographic characteristics, smoking status of
themselves, parents, and best friend; and intention to smoke (initiation among
never-smokers and reinitiating among ex-smokers) or quit smoking among current
smokers.
Research design
This study involves
qualitative survey method of school based students. It was mentioned the type
of questions used in the survey, as they were specific to a Yes or No answers
and certain options of Present/Never or Fathers/Best friend or None. The
results were discussed in details but not individually but rather as a group.
Participant selection
The research doesn’t
specify why that specific school/s or students were chosen to be surveyed. The
research was based on students who had parents or best friends who are smoking
or if they were smokers themselves. Some students were categorized as smokers themselves;
others had parents or best friends who were smokers.
Main Findings
The researcher
concluded that smoking started manly at adolescent smoking behaviors and was
encouraged if that adolescent had a smoking best friend who is a smoker or
father/mother or both. Therefore, the smoking prevention programs should focus
on these adolescents. The researcher
also demonstrated the following numbers regarding the AORs (95% CI) of current
smoking for having a smoking best friend, in addition to smoking father, mother,
or both were 19.14 (14.36–25.51), 20.38 (12.42–33.43), and 24.18 (15.89–36.77).
The respective AORs of ever smoking were 8.30 (6.74–10.22), 8.92 (5.63–14.12),
and 11.99.
Section 4:
Rank – High
The survey approach
used in this article helps us to understand how a smoking habit can start from
such a young age like adolescents. Also it was very specific to the age group
that was surveyed and to the city they were surveyed in. The researcher gave us
a closer insight to the city of Hong Kong and the smoking habits of some of its
population as well as the causes behind it. He also gave us detailed numbers on
the outcome of the effect of having a smoking best friend or parents. These
numbers revealed that smoking habits may increase among adolescents if they
have a smoking parent or best friend. This research may also help the awareness
of the smoking prevention program and allowing them to focus on a specific age
segments. Therefore, parents should stop or minimize their smoking habits so
they don’t harm their children and pay close attention to their kid's best
friends.
However, the survey
didn’t discuss the causes of smoking and what was the reason or main influence
to smoke. Also, the survey didn’t mention that if the kids were aware of the
effect of smoking on health, and if there were non-smoker friends that have
positive influence.
